Journal of Studies and Researches of Sport Education
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description: The Journal of Studies and Researches of Sport Education (JSRSE)is A quarterly journal published four times a year (January, March, July, November) and an open-access journal that has the attribution 4.0 international (CC BY 4.0) license. It is specialized in publishing scientific researches that are related to sport sciences, for the purposes of scientific publication and promotion. It is issued by the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences / University of Basra founded on (17/6/1986), where the first issue was published, and it consisted of (11 ) research. It consisted of an editorial board with scientific titles and a reputable reputation in the academic community. It was founded by the Editor-in-Chief, Dean of the Faculty of Physical Education, Prof. Dr. Raysan Khouribet Majid The Journal of Studies and Researches of Sport Education (JSRSE) is a research journal specialized in the field of physical education sciences, health and society. It is issued periodically on a semi-annually basis . Arabic and English languages are used in it. Researches in it are accepted for publication after they are evaluated. It is not accepted to publish researches unless they are innovative and have not been previously published in other journals. The journal continues to publish new and innovative research until the present time. It consisted of an editorial board with scientific titles and a reputable reputation in the academic community. It was founded by the Editor-in-Chief, Dean of the Faculty of Physical Education, Prof. Dr. Raysan Khouribet Majid This scientific journal included many scientific researches written by Arab professors and researchers with a solid scientific reputation. •The Journal of Studies and Researches of Sport Education (JSRSE) has obtained the Iraqi approval to publish according to the number deposited in the Iraqi National Library and Archives No. (540) in 17/6/1987. •The Journal of Studies and Researches of Sport Education (JSRSE) has obtain…
publisher: Physical Education and Sport Sciences Collage /Basrah University
language: en
publication name: Journal of Studies and Researches of Sport Education
issn: 1818-1503
items: The Effect of High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) on Selected Physical Abilities of Young Handball Players
items: The Correlational Relationship Between Selected Biokinematic Variables, Anthropometric Measurements, and Fencing Distance in Foil Fencing
items: Identifying Behavioral Problems of Middle School Students from the Perspective of Physical Education Teachers
items: Design and Standardization of a Test for Evaluating the Performance of Selected Offensive Skills Among Handball Players in Basra Clubs
items: Human Skills, Their Impact on Others, and Their Relationship to Job Enthusiasm among Specialist Supervisors from the Perspective of Physical Education Teachers in the Southern Region
items: Predicting the Level of Ankle Joint Injury in Terms of Vitamin D3, Leg Strength, Motor Balance, and Range of Motion for Football Players
items: The Effect of Rehabilitation Exercises Using an Electrical Stimulation Device Accompanied by Vitamin D3 Intake on Eliminating Lower Back Pain in Football Players
items: The Effect of Special Gymnastic Exercises on Developing Motor Speed among Futsal Goalkeepers
items: Social control and its relationship to training age and offensive tactical performance of Premier League football players
items: The effect of three play styles (competitive, free, and cooperative) on raising social adjustment indicators according to gender among primary school students (9-10 years old) in Basra Governorate
items: The effectiveness of exercises based on the question cube strategy in developing motor speed and learning basketball shooting skills for students
items: The role of new media in integrating athletes with special needs into society
items: The Reality of Job Motivation of Faculty Members toward Decision Makers in the Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences
items: The Effect of Competitive Training Sessions of Difficulty on Developing Strength and Speed Endurance in Basketball Players Under 18 Years of Age
items: An analytical study of the coordination of exploration among leaders in secondary schools in Basra Province
items: Predicted value of left ventricular mass for long-distance runners using Poisson's probability distribution
items: The study aimed to design and implement a training program based on neuromuscular communication to improve the skill performance of handball players
items: Developing and standardizing a holistic thinking scale for physical education teachers in the Maysan Education Directorate
items: Finding numerical indicators for student acceptance into the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Science
items: The Impact of AI-Analysis-Based Cooling Methods on Certain Physical Variables and Performance in 200m Youth Sprinters
items: Analysis of the effect of psychological fluency on the level of values ​​of some physical activity requirements among school students aged (16-17) years
items: The culture and awareness of health sciences and sports according to the academic level of students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Basra
items: The impact of the K-U-D strategy on students learning the football dribbling skill
items: Measuring the Level of Administrative Decision-Making Strength and Its Relationship with Psychological Resilience Among Specialized Supervisors in Physical Education and Administrative Supervisors
items: https://www.jou.jsrse.edu.iq/index.php/home/en/article/view/1582
items: The Role of Information Technology in Improving the Efficiency of Administrative Work in the Department of Sports and School Activities in the Dhi Qar Directorate of Education
items: The Effect of Cross Training Combined with Essential Amino Acid (EAA) Supplementation on Certain Functional Variables and Weight Loss in Bodybuilders
items: A Correlation Study of the Role of Neuromuscular Compatibility in Improving the Accuracy of Receiving Passes in Volleyball Players
items: A proposed model for diversifying revenue sources in sports clubs: investing in non-traditional resources.
items: The Impact of the Yaker Model on Teaching Certain Skills on the Floor Exercise Mat in Gymnastics for Students

The Effect of High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) on Selected Physical Abilities of Young Handball Players
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description: The purpose of this study was to develop a high-intensity interval training (HIIT) program targeting selected physical abilities of young handball players, and to examine its effects through comparisons between pre- and post-test as well as between successive post-test measurements within the research sample , The researcher employed the experimental method with both an experimental group and a control group, as it was deemed appropriate to the nature of the research problem in order to arrive at reliable findings. The research population consisted of the youth handball players from the clubs of Maysan Governorate for the 2024–2025 season, totaling seven clubs: Naft Maysan, Dijla, Ahrar Maysan, Al-Kahlaa, Al-Sukkar, Al-Shaheed Saad Khalaf Suwaif, and Al-Maimouna, with 104 players registered in the records of the Maysan Sub-Union of Handball. The sample was deliberately selected from Naft Maysan Club, comprising 14 players, representing 13.46% of the total research population , The main conclusions of the study indicated that high-intensity interval training (HIIT) contributed effectively to the development of the studied physical abilities among the experimental group. The key recommendations emphasized the necessity of incorporating these exercises into coaches’ training programs, given their significant role in enhancing physical abilities.
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creator: Antidhar Jabar Rayash
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Antidhar Jabar Rayash https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-07-15
publication date: 2026-07-15
doi: 10.55998/jsrse.v36i4.1673

The Correlational Relationship Between Selected Biokinematic Variables, Anthropometric Measurements, and Fencing Distance in Foil Fencing
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description: This study aimed to identify the correlational relationship between selected biomechanical variables, anthropometric measurements, and fencing distance. The researcher employed the descriptive correlational approach, as it was considered the most appropriate method for addressing the research problem. The study sample consisted of 12 athletes representing the Iraqi National Foil Fencing Team. The findings indicated that step length and trunk velocity were the variables with the greatest influence on fencing performance, highlighting their essential role in the execution of the lunge. Fencers rely heavily on these variables to score touches by increasing the speed of attack and extending step length, thereby covering greater distances in fewer steps. Based on these findings, the researcher recommends that coaches place greater emphasis on speed and explosive strength training because of their significant effects on movement speed and step length.
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creator: Ali Abdallah Issa
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Ali Abdallah Issa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-07-15
publication date: 2026-07-15
doi: 10.55998/jsrse.v36i4.1671

Identifying Behavioral Problems of Middle School Students from the Perspective of Physical Education Teachers
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description: This research aims to identify some behavioral problems among middle school students during physical education classes from the perspective of physical education teachers. It also aims to develop solutions and suggestions for addressing these behavioral problems among middle school students during physical education classes at school. Research Methodology: The researchers used the descriptive method with a survey approach, as it was suitable for solving the research problem. Research Population: The research population included (288) physical education teachers at the intermediate level in the center of Basra Governorate for the academic year 2024/2025. Research Sample: The research sample included (100) physical education teachers at the intermediate level who were selected using the simple random method, representing (35%) of the research population. The most important findings were as follows: problems related to moral behavior; students' attitudes towards physical education classes; problems with aggressive behavior; and difficulties in getting along with others.
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creator: Fatimah Hassan Hasoon
creator: AbdulSattar Jabbar Al-Dhamad
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-05-15
publication date: 2026-05-15
doi: 10.55998/jsrse.v36i3.1670

Design and Standardization of a Test for Evaluating the Performance of Selected Offensive Skills Among Handball Players in Basra Clubs
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description: The study aimed to design and standardize tests for assessing selected fundamental offensive skills among handball players in Basra clubs. In addition, it sought to establish normative standards for these tests to facilitate accurate evaluation of individual offensive performance and contribute to the improvement of the training process. The researcher employed the descriptive analytical approach, as it was deemed appropriate for the nature of the research problem. The study population consisted of handball players from Basra clubs during the 2024–2025 sports season, totaling 152 players. The main research sample included 100 players, representing 65.8% of the total population. An additional sample of 16 players was used to determine test reliability, while 10 players participated in the pilot study. All participants were selected purposively to represent different skill levels. A set of tests was developed based on an extensive review of the relevant literature and consultation with experts and specialists to ensure their validity and suitability for assessing offensive handball skills. After establishing the scientific properties of the tests, including validity, reliability, and objectivity, the final application was conducted on the main research sample. The findings resulted in the adoption of three fundamental offensive skill tests: the Sprint and Jump Shot Test, the Agility and Quick Shooting Test, and the Quick Passing While Moving Test. The results demonstrated that these tests possessed high levels of reliability, objectivity, and validity, and that the players' scores were normally distributed. Therefore, these standardized tests can be used as valid scientific instruments for evaluating the individual offensive performance of handball players in Basra clubs. They may also serve as valuable tools for coaches and researchers in designing training programs and enhancing players' technical skills.
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creator: Osama sabeeh Mustafa
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Osama sabeeh Mustafa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-07-15
publication date: 2026-07-15
doi: 10.55998/jsrse.v36i4.1668

Human Skills, Their Impact on Others, and Their Relationship to Job Enthusiasm among Specialist Supervisors from the Perspective of Physical Education Teachers in the Southern Region
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description: The research aims to identify the level of human skills among specialist supervisors and their relationship to the level of Job Enthusiasm from the perspective of physical education teachers in the southern region. The researcher adopted the descriptive approach using both survey and correlational methods. The application sample consisted of (335) male and female teachers across the governorates of (Basra, Dhi Qar, Maysan, and Al-Muthanna). The results revealed that supervisors possess a "good" level of human skills. The results also indicated a "good" level of Job Enthusiasm. The research demonstrated a strong, significant positive correlation (0.825) between human skills and job enthusiasm. The researcher concluded that the nature of the social fabric in southern Iraq reinforces the supervisors' reliance on human relations rather than formal authority and that their enthusiasm stems from a love for the profession and their sports background. The research recommended the necessity of reducing clerical burdens to enhance professional focus.
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creator: Abbas Zaki Abdulhussein
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Abbas Zaki Abdulhussein https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-07-15
publication date: 2026-07-15
doi: 10.55998/jsrse.v36i4.1388

Predicting the Level of Ankle Joint Injury in Terms of Vitamin D3, Leg Strength, Motor Balance, and Range of Motion for Football Players
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description: This study aims to predict the level of ankle joint injury in terms of vitamin D3, leg strength, motor balance, and range of motion among football players. The researchers used the descriptive survey method, selecting a purposive sample of (10) injured ankle joint players from Al-Basra Sports Club. Measurements included vitamin D3 tests using a centrifuge and Fluorcare device, muscle strength testing for ankle muscles, static balance testing, range of motion tests (flexion and extension) using a goniometer, and pain level assessment using Shockwave therapy. The results showed that vitamin D3 had the highest contribution to injury at (0.73), followed by range of motion (flexion) at (0.67), range of motion (extension) at (0.65), leg strength at (0.62), and finally balance at (0.57). The researchers recommended conducting regular vitamin D3 screening for football players, and focusing on developing range of motion, leg strength, and balance to reduce injuries.
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creator: Ali Sabar Alsodani
creator: Mahdi Dinar Alrikabi
creator: Kamil Abd Farhan
creator: Majid Sabar Alsodani
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Ali Sabar Alsodani، Mahdi Dinar Alrikabi، Kamil Abd Farhan، Majid Sabar Alsodani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-07-15
publication date: 2026-07-15
doi: 10.55998/jsrse.v36i4.1660

The Effect of Rehabilitation Exercises Using an Electrical Stimulation Device Accompanied by Vitamin D3 Intake on Eliminating Lower Back Pain in Football Players
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description: The importance of this research lies in providing assistance to football players suffering from lower back pain, which prevents them from performing optimally. This pain negatively affects their athletic performance, and its recurrence among football players has been frequently observed Therefore, the researcher sought to design rehabilitation exercises using an electrical stimulation device, accompanied by Vitamin D3 intake, to reduce lower back pain. The study aimed to identify the effect of rehabilitation exercises accompanied by Vitamin D3 intake and electrical stimulation on eliminating lower back pain in football players The researcher used rehabilitation exercises along with Vitamin D3 intake to treat lower back pain. An electrical stimulation device was also utilized to relieve pain and improve muscle flexibility in the lower back. The experimental method with a one-group design was employed, with a sample consisting of six football players representing 75% of the injured community The researcher used the SSPS statistical program to analyze the results The findings showed that using the modified rehabilitation method improved flexibility and increased joint mobility. Consequently, the athletes experienced faster pain relief. Based on this, the researcher recommends adopting a scientifically based rehabilitation program to treat all types of sports injuries.
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creator: Ali Sabar Alsodani
creator: Kamil Abd Farhan
creator: Majid Sabar Alsodani
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Ali Sabar Alsodani، Kamil Abd Farhan، Majid Sabar Alsodani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-05-15
publication date: 2026-05-15
doi: 10.55998/jsrse.v36i3.1659

The Effect of Special Gymnastic Exercises on Developing Motor Speed among Futsal Goalkeepers
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description: This study aims to investigate the effect of gymnastic exercises on developing motor speed among futsal goalkeepers, through designing a set of specialized exercises that simulate the actual performance requirements of the goalkeeper. The researchers employed the experimental method using a one-group design with pre- and post-tests. The experiment was conducted on a sample of six goalkeepers from clubs in Thi-Qar city during the 2024/2025 sports season, with ages ranging between 21–23 years. The pre-test was carried out on July 1, 2025, and the post-test on September 1, 2025, using specific tests to measure motor speed. The results revealed statistically significant differences between the pre- and post-tests in favor of the post-tests. The study concluded that gymnastic exercises effectively contributed to improving motor speed and response speed among the goalkeepers, due to their close similarity to the actual performance of futsal goalkeepers. The researchers recommend integrating these exercises into training programs of clubs and sports federations, and conducting future studies on larger samples to verify the generalizability of the results.
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creator: Mazin Ali Lazim
creator: Hussam Mohammed Jaafar
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-07-15
publication date: 2026-07-15
doi: 10.55998/jsrse.v36i4.1651

Social control and its relationship to training age and offensive tactical performance of Premier League football players
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description: Introduction and the importance of the research The importance of this research, which stems from the statement of the role of social control and its relationship to the training age and tactical performance (offensive) successful and unsuccessful for players, and the research aimed to: Build, legalize and find the relationship between the measure of social control by training age and tactical performance (offensive) for Premier League players In football, as for the second chapter: in which the researcher touched on the topics related to the subject of the research, which are (social control, offensive performance, and training age in football), as for the third chapter: the researcher relied on the descriptive approach in the survey method, and the research sample is for players of excellent football clubs and their number (376) players and applied the two scales and adopted their results and finding the standard levels according to the statistical methods, as well as finding the positions for the performance and offensiveness of the research community clubs.
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creator: Firas Hassan Abdulhusein
creator: Lafta Hameed Salman
creator: Ammer Essa Abbas
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-05-15
publication date: 2026-05-15
doi: 10.55998/jsrse.v36i3.1644

The effect of three play styles (competitive, free, and cooperative) on raising social adjustment indicators according to gender among primary school students (9-10 years old) in Basra Governorate
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description: This research aims to study the impact of three play styles (free, competitive, and cooperative) on enhancing social adjustment indicators among primary school pupils aged (9-10) years in Basra Governorate, according to gender variable. The researcher used the experimental method, with a sample of (36) male and female pupils equally distributed across three experimental groups, with (6) males and (6) females in each group. An educational program of small games was applied for (8) weeks, with (3) lessons per week. The researcher constructed a social adjustment scale and verified its validity and reliability. The results showed statistically significant differences between pre-test and post-test in favor of the post-test across all three groups. The results also demonstrated the superiority of the cooperative play group over both free and competitive play groups in improving social adjustment, for both males and females. The researcher recommended paying attention to cooperative play in primary schools, providing appropriate facilities for different play styles, and training physical education teachers to employ play as a therapeutic and educational tool for developing social adjustment.
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creator: Firas Hassan Abdulhusain
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-07-15
publication date: 2026-07-15
doi: 10.55998/jsrse.v36i4.1638

The effectiveness of exercises based on the question cube strategy in developing motor speed and learning basketball shooting skills for students
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description: Abstract: This research aimed to develop exercises based on the "Question Cube Strategy" and to determine its effect on developing motor speed and learning basketball shooting skills among fourth-year students at the College of Physical Education, University of Kufa (2024-2025). The researcher used an experimental design with two groups (experimental and control) on a random sample of 20 students. Pre- and post-tests of physical and skill abilities were administered, and the experimental group underwent 12 learning units based on the six faces of the thinking cube. The statistical results showed a significant advantage for the experimental group in the post-tests, proving the effectiveness of the strategy in attracting attention and stimulating mental thinking. The study recommended adopting and generalizing this modern strategy to enhance motor learning efficiency.
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creator: Hind Mohammed Ameen
creator: Mohammed Yasir Mahdi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-05-15
publication date: 2026-05-15
doi: 10.55998/jsrse.v36i3.1637

The role of new media in integrating athletes with special needs into society
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description: The study included an introduction and a statement of the importance of new media, which is an extension of the scientific revolution in the field of communications. It utilizes the internet and social media to broadcast news and diverse content across electronic platforms. New media is characterized by its accessibility and speed, allowing individuals to follow events live and interact with them through comments and participation in blogs, video platforms, and social media. Among the individuals affected by and participating in new media are people with disabilities, including those with physical, sensory, intellectual, psychological, or educational impairments. The study's problem lies in the fact that athletes with disabilities have numerous issues, requirements, and needs that are addressed through limited methods and volunteer work, despite the existence of many laws. These issues include the inability to integrate into society and the lack of sufficient media attention, despite their many Arab, Asian, and international achievements. The research objectives focused on developing and designing a scale to measure the role of new media in the integration of people with disabilities into society. The researchers identified the importance of this role in social integration and employed a descriptive survey methodology, deemed most suitable for the research objectives and the nature of the problem. The research population consisted of workers, athletes, and supervisors of people with disabilities in Iraq. A purposive sample of 895 individuals was selected, divided into three groups: a pilot study sample of 22 individuals, a construct sample of 254 individuals, and a final application sample of 223 individuals.
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creator: Ali Tahseen Ahmed
creator: Abdulhaleem Juber Nazal
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-05-15
publication date: 2026-05-15
doi: 10.55998/jsrse.v36i3.1636

The Reality of Job Motivation of Faculty Members toward Decision Makers in the Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences
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description: The aim of this study was to identify the reality of job motivation among faculty members toward decision makers in the Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, to determine the level of job motivation dimensions from the perspective of faculty members, and to identify the most and least achieved dimensions of job motivation within the department. The research population consisted of faculty members in the Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the College of Basic Education during the period from 9/9/2025 to 9/12/2025. The researcher adopted the descriptive survey method as it was appropriate to the objectives and the nature of the research problem. The research population included all faculty members in the Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the College of Basic Education, Al-Mustansiriyah University, totaling (76) faculty members. The entire population was selected as the research sample (100%) using the comprehensive census method and purposive sampling approach. The results led to several recommendations, most notably the need to reduce reliance on intimidation and administrative sanctions in managing faculty members, adopt clear and transparent administrative policies in distributing workloads, responsibilities, and rewards, enhance the system of material incentives by directly linking them to distinguished academic and research performance, develop academic leaders’ skills in effective communication through specialized training programs that focus on positive dialogue methods, and provide a supportive academic work environment by improving technical infrastructure, particularly internet services and electronic communication tools.
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creator: Salam Hantoush Rashid
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-05-15
publication date: 2026-05-15
doi: 10.55998/jsrse.v36i3.1624

The Effect of Competitive Training Sessions of Difficulty on Developing Strength and Speed Endurance in Basketball Players Under 18 Years of Age
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description: Research Summary: The importance of this research lies in raising the level of physical endurance in basketball through the use of correct and appropriate training that meets the demands of the game and competition. It also aims to provide basketball coaches with scientific information about the role of endurance training and session difficulty in improving the physical and technical performance of players under 18 years of age throughout the game without reaching fatigue. The main objectives of this research were: to identify the effect of competitive training sessions of varying difficulty on developing strength and speed endurance in basketball players under 18 years of age. The experimental method was used, and the research sample consisted of basketball players under 18 years of age. After implementing competitive exercises, the most important conclusions were reached: The competitive exercises used and standardized according to the difficulty of the training unit have a clear effect on raising the level of physical performance endurance (strength endurance and speed endurance) and skill performance endurance (offensive and defensive) in basketball under 18 years of age. Therefore, it was recommended that the competitive exercises used and standardized according to the difficulty of the training unit be adopted in the basketball coaches' program for under 18-year-olds due to their clear effect on raising the level of physical performance endurance (strength endurance and speed endurance) and skill performance endurance (offensive and defensive).
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creator: Abbas fadhal Ali Hani
creator: Haider Abdalrazaq Kadhim
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Abbas fadhal Ali Hani، Haider Abdalrazaq Kadhim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-07-15
publication date: 2026-07-15
doi: 10.55998/jsrse.v36i4.1392

An analytical study of the coordination of exploration among leaders in secondary schools in Basra Province
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description: In the first chapter, the researchers addressed the importance of the research, which is to understand scout coordination and its role in promoting teamwork in scout and school departments in particular and in the scout movement in general. The research problem emerged when the researchers observed disparities in the levels of scouting, logistical, and technical coordination among scouting units, which sometimes led to a dispersion of collective effort and weak effective communication among members. This prompted the researchers to investigate the nature of the relationship between the quality of coordination and the effectiveness of teamwork. The study aimed to develop a scale for scout coordination and a scale for teamwork among scout leaders, as well as to establish standard scores and levels for both variables in order to accurately diagnose the reality on the ground. The second chapter addressed the most important terms in the research title. The third chapter discusses the research methodology and field procedures, where the researcher used a descriptive approach, and the research sample consisted of leaders in secondary schools in Basra Governorate. The fourth chapter discusses the results, and in the fifth chapter, the researchers conclude by identifying the levels of the scale. As for recommendations, the researchers recommend disseminating the results of the study to all scout and school departments and conducting similar studies.
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creator: Asad Kadhim Abdulazahrah
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Asad Kadhim Abdulazahrah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-07-15
publication date: 2026-07-15
doi: 10.55998/jsrse.v36i4.1447

Predicted value of left ventricular mass for long-distance runners using Poisson's probability distribution
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description: Abstract Predicted value of left ventricular mass for long-distance runners using Poisson's probability distribution Professor doctor Mahfoudh Falih Hasan Physiology , medical science department College of nursing, university of basrah Email : doctor.mahfoudh@gmail.com Phone : 07871770941 Background: Sports heart syndrome is a common condition among athletes, reflecting a physiological adaptation of the heart muscle. Therefore, it is not a disease in itself. Hypertrophy of the heart muscle is observed at the level of the heart walls, as in anaerobic activities, while dilation of the heart chambers is observed as in oxygenated activities, particularly in the left ventricle, which is directly responsible for pumping oxygenated blood throughout the body. The problem is the lack of reliable numerical data on the rate of increase in left ventricular muscle mass over months and years of training in long-distance runners, data readily available to specialists and coaches. The study sample is a purposive sample of (18) long-distance runners who regularly train and have been practicing long-distance events for (2-6) years. Statistical analysis: The Poisson distribution was used to determine the probability of left ventricular mass increase during the training years. Study conclusions: The initial adaptation of left ventricular mass appeared in the first and second years, with the highest probability of an increase of 1 gram. The probability of an increase of 2–6 grams in the first two years was very low. The highest probability of an increase of 1 gram and 2 grams appeared in the third and fourth years, while the probability of an increase of 3–6 grams in the third and fourth years was low. Additionally, the highest probability of an increase of 2 grams and 3 grams appeared in the fifth and sixth years, while the probability of an increase of 4–6 grams in the fifth and sixth years was low. The study recommends adopting the study results in planning the training of long-dista…
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creator: Mahfood Faleh Hassan
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Mahfood Faleh Hassan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-05-15
publication date: 2026-05-15
doi: 10.55998/jsrse.v36i3.1419

The study aimed to design and implement a training program based on neuromuscular communication to improve the skill performance of handball players
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description: The researcher used a quasi-experimental approach with a two-group design (experimental and control) with pre- and post-testing. The study sample consisted of 40 players randomly divided into two equal groups. The results showed a statistically significant improvement in the overall skill performance level of the experimental group by 15.5% compared to 4% for the control group. The results also showed statistically significant differences between the mean scores of the two groups in the post-test in favor of the experimental group, with a large effect size confirming the practical importance of the program. The study concluded that the neuromuscular communication program was effective in improving the skill performance of handball players in a way that surpasses traditional training, confirming the importance of integrating mental and physical aspects into training programs.
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creator: Atheer Abbas Mustafa
creator: Sanaa Jawad Kadhim Al-Mayah
creator: Ahmed Abdulamir Ahmed
creator: Qussay Mohammed Hussein
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Atheer Abbas Mustafa، Sanaa Jawad Kadhim Al-Mayah، Ahmed Abdulamir Ahmed، Qussay Mohammed Hussein https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-07-15
publication date: 2026-07-15
doi: 10.55998/jsrse.v36i4.1320

Developing and standardizing a holistic thinking scale for physical education teachers in the Maysan Education Directorate
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description: The physical education teacher is an essential and indispensable element in the educational institution due to her knowledge, information, and capabilities in conveying information and fostering interaction. This involves transferring a range of information stemming from various sources, including sufficient knowledge to provide students with all the necessary information, ideas, and practical field experiences. The teacher presents these in a structured and specific manner to achieve the desired goals. Hence, the idea and importance of this study arose to identify the level of holistic thinking among physical education teachers in Maysan Governorate (the center). This was achieved by developing and standardizing a holistic thinking scale to serve as a tool for determining the teachers' level of holistic thinking, given its importance in providing students with all the necessary information and positive ideas to achieve the required goals. Therefore, the researchers used the descriptive survey method, in addition to standardized scores and levels, as it was suitable for the nature of the problem. The research population was defined purposively, and the researchers also selected the research sample purposively. The study population consisted of physical education teachers in the Maysan Education Directorate for the 2024/2025 academic year, totaling (390) teachers. The sample for constructing and validating the scale consisted of (200) teachers, representing (51.28%) of the original population. The researchers used measurement tools, namely (questionnaires to survey expert opinions and forms to record the scale results data. The researchers carried out the procedures for constructing and validating the scale for physical education teachers according to the construction and validation steps to obtain the scale in its final form. After that, the results were presented, analyzed, and discussed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). In light of the …
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creator: Ghufran Farih Radi
creator: Rahim Hilo Ali
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-05-15
publication date: 2026-05-15
doi: 10.55998/jsrse.v36i3.1616

Finding numerical indicators for student acceptance into the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Science
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description: The current system for admitting students to the Faculty of Physical Education involves a series of physical and skill tests. Students who pass these tests are then eligible to compete for admission to the Faculty of Physical Education. Through her work in the field of physical education and student admissions at the Faculty of Physical Education, the researcher observed that the scores of applicants have begun to decline. Students scoring below the passing grade (50) are being admitted to the faculty due to the small number of students who pass these tests. Furthermore, the current standards lack specific scores that are not included in the standardized test booklet. Consequently, the assessment of these scores is left to the discretion of those responsible for setting the standardized scores. For example, in the abdominal muscle test, 6 points are awarded for 28 repetitions and 7 points for 32. What would a player receive if they achieved 29, 30, or 31 repetitions? It is well-known that it is essential to review all tests after a certain period of time, and the current physical tests have remained unchanged for over twenty years. Therefore, the researcher decided to conduct this study to establish new standardized scores that align with the current capabilities and potential of students.
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creator: Tabarak Saeed Yaqoob
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-05-15
publication date: 2026-05-15
doi: 10.55998/jsrse.v36i3.1614

The Impact of AI-Analysis-Based Cooling Methods on Certain Physical Variables and Performance in 200m Youth Sprinters
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description: The importance of this research stems from the growing need to understand the relationship between body temperature control and achieving optimal performance in sports. This topic is particularly important given the climatic challenges and high temperatures in many regions around the world. Furthermore, integrating artificial intelligence into the design and implementation of cooling strategies offers precise and personalized solutions based on real-time vital data, contributing to enhanced physical efficiency and reduced energy loss. In addition, this research provides a scientific foundation that can be used to develop smart sports equipment and create new training protocols based on sound scientific principles. The research problem was: Hot weather has significant negative effects on the physical performance of 200-meter runners. Athletes experience heat stress, which reduces performance efficiency and increases the likelihood of health problems. Although body cooling techniques are used as a means to address these challenges, research has not adequately explored how these techniques affect the physiological and physical variables of 200-meter runners. Furthermore, the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in analyzing and tailoring cooling strategies based on physiological data has not been sufficiently utilized. Therefore, a comprehensive study is needed to analyze the impact of body cooling techniques using AI and evaluate their effectiveness in improving the physical performance of 200-meter runners in hot environmental conditions. The research objective was to identify the impact of AI-based cooling methods on certain physical variables and performance in young 200-meter runners. The researcher used an experimental method, and the research sample consisted of young 200-meter runners. After using the cooling methods, the most important conclusion was reached: AI-based cooling methods are important and fundamental in producing changes in the physical aspects and…
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creator: Ali Hani Abdul Waleed
creator: Qussay Mohammed Ali
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-05-15
publication date: 2026-05-15
doi: 10.55998/jsrse.v36i3.1613

Analysis of the effect of psychological fluency on the level of values ​​of some physical activity requirements among school students aged (16-17) years
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description: This study aims to analyze the levels of psychological fluency in relation to certain physical activity requirements among a sample of 16-17 year old students in schools. The importance of this study lies in identifying the current state and values ​​of psychological fluency levels within the research sample, as well as determining the extent to which fluency influences the values ​​associated with certain physical activity requirements in the school environment. The researcher employed a descriptive methodology. The total sample size was 527 students, representing 87.27% of the study population. Several physical tests were also conducted, including agility, static balance, and muscular strength.
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creator: Saif Salah
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Saif Salah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-05-15
publication date: 2026-05-15
doi: 10.55998/jsrse.v36i3.1491

The culture and awareness of health sciences and sports according to the academic level of students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Basra
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description: This research aims to develop and implement a sports health awareness culture scale for students of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the University of Basra. It also seeks to identify the nature of students' awareness and understanding of sports health sciences at different academic levels. The researchers employed a descriptive survey methodology, deemed most suitable for the study's requirements and the nature of the research problem. The study sample consisted of 300 students randomly selected from the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the University of Basra during the 2025-2026 academic year. The researchers concluded that the sports health awareness culture scale exhibited five levels within the sample. Therefore, they recommended the adoption of the scale they designed for assessing sports health awareness culture.
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creator: Wissam Falah Attia
creator: Abdul Kadhim Jalil Hassan
creator: Sarah Sami Shbeeb
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Wissam Falah Attia، Abdul Kadhim Jalil Hassan، Sarah Sami Shbeeb https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-07-15
publication date: 2026-07-15
doi: 10.55998/jsrse.v36i4.1485

The impact of the K-U-D strategy on students learning the football dribbling skill
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description: This research aimed to determine the effect of the K-U-D strategy on students' learning of the football extinguishing skill. The researcher used the experimental method, which was suitable for the research problem, with two equivalent groups and a pre- and post-test. The research population consisted of (75) second-year intermediate students from Al-Ajyal Intermediate School in Dhi Qar Governorate during the 2025-2026 academic year. These students were distributed across three sections (A, B, and C). The research population was selected purposively from the second-year intermediate students, and the sample was chosen by lottery to represent section (B) with (20) students as the control group and section (C) with (20) students as the experimental group. Students who failed, those who had practiced, and those participating in the pilot study were excluded. The researcher conducted homogeneity and equivalence tests and administered pre-tests for the extinguishing skill. Following this, the researcher implemented the main experiment according to the stages of the K-U-D strategy. Post-tests were then administered to determine the results. The researcher concluded that the K-U-D strategy has a clear and positive effect on learning the extinguishing skill. This has an effect on developing the level of learning among students in learning the skill of extinguishing, and the K-U-D strategy achieved its goals in the learning process. The level of skill performance among students improved compared to the method used by the teacher. The researcher recommends using the K-U-D strategy in teaching the skill of extinguishing with a football to students
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creator: Muhanad Mohammed Kareem
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Muhanad Mohammed Kareem https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-07-15
publication date: 2026-07-15
doi: 10.55998/jsrse.v36i4.1484

Measuring the Level of Administrative Decision-Making Strength and Its Relationship with Psychological Resilience Among Specialized Supervisors in Physical Education and Administrative Supervisors
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description: This study aimed to identify the relationship between psychological resilience and administrative decision-making power of specialist supervisors in Basra Governorate, and to uncover the nature and type of relationship between the research variables. The study relied on the descriptive method and correlational relationships due to their suitability for the nature of the research and its objectives. The research sample was selected from the original research population, amounting to 96 individuals, who are the specialist supervisors for the study of physical education in Basra Governorate. Two measures were prepared for this purpose: (Administrative Decision-Making Power) and (Psychological Resilience of the Supervisors) according to the five-point Likert scale. The study results showed that the level of the (Administrative Decision-Making Power) measure fell within the (good) category. It also appeared that the level of the (Psychological Resilience of the Supervisors) measure fell within the (average) category. The results revealed a significant positive correlation between the two research variables, indicating that as the psychological resilience of the specialist supervisors increases, their administrative decision-making power also increases. This study is essential for developing personal skills and psychological traits that should be available in specialist supervisors, increasing their psychological resilience, and its impact on administrative decision-making power.
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creator: Mohammed Sabah Barah
creator: Ali Chanchoon
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Mohammed Sabah Barah، Ali Chanchoon https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-05-15
publication date: 2026-05-15
doi: 10.55998/jsrse.v36i3.1459

https://www.jou.jsrse.edu.iq/index.php/home/en/article/view/1582
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title: Design and standardization of a rehabilitation program based on integrated functional assessment and measurement of dynamic stability and neuromuscular response for the rehabilitation of basketball players with cruciate ligament injuries.
description: The research problem lies in the lack of functional specialization in many basketball rehabilitation programs following ACL injuries. Consequently, these programs do not adequately assess game-specific motor skills such as landing mechanisms from various jumps, stability during rotations and quick cuts, and neuromuscular response under fatigue conditions similar to those of a match. This deficiency leads to players returning to the sport without full functional readiness, exposing them to a high risk of re-injury and limiting their competitive performance. Therefore, the researchers formulated the problem as the following question: How effective is a sports rehabilitation program designed based on integrated functional assessment and the measurement of dynamic stability and neuromuscular response in rehabilitating basketball players after ACL injuries The research aims to design a rehabilitation program based on integrated functional assessment and the measurement of dynamic stability and neuromuscular response to rehabilitate advanced basketball players with ACL injuries and to identify differences in variables between the experimental group and advanced basketball players with ACL injuries. The researchers used a single-group experimental design, as it is suitable for the nature of the research. The researchers defined the research population and sample purposively, which consisted of advanced players with ACL injuries. Six players in Dhi Qar Governorate were treated for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries. The researchers concluded that the rehabilitation program was effective in improving dynamic stability and neuromuscular response in basketball players with ACL injuries, and that the program accelerated their safe return to the court through clear, performance-based criteria.
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creator: Amany Alaa Abbas
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-05-15
publication date: 2026-05-15
starting page: 33
ending page: 42
doi: 10.55998/jsrse.v36i3.1582

The Role of Information Technology in Improving the Efficiency of Administrative Work in the Department of Sports and School Activities in the Dhi Qar Directorate of Education
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description: The purpose of the research is to identify theeffect of information technology on raising the efficiency of administrative work in the Departmentof Sports and School Activities at Dhi Qar Directorate rejects education. The researcher used a descriptive approach using survey method. The study population included employees working in sports and school activity departments, for a sample of (88) individuals selected randomly. In order to achieve the research goals, the researcher developed an information technology scale containing (7) dimensions and (69) items. The validity and reliability of the instrument was established with relevant statistical tests. The outcomes revealed that information technology has a statistically influential implication on ameliorating administrative work efficiency in general especially in terms of technical infrastructure and digital capabilities for human resources. But there are barriers to the effective use of technology, especially lack of training and low financial support and insufficient technical preparedness. The study concluded that there is a need to strengthen information technology infrastructure, develop employees’ skills and qualify them through continued training programs, in addition to the use of modern electronic systems that contribute to improving administrative performance and enhancing the quality of work at departments of sports and school activities.
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creator: ِAli Satar Jabar
creator: Ali Kareem Mohammed
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 ِAli Satar Jabar، Ali Kareem Mohammed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-07-15
publication date: 2026-07-15
doi: 10.55998/jsrse.v36i4.1474

The Effect of Cross Training Combined with Essential Amino Acid (EAA) Supplementation on Certain Functional Variables and Weight Loss in Bodybuilders
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description: The importance of this research lies in raising the performance level of bodybuilders after they undergo training using a suitable scientific method, such as cross training combined with the use of manufactured nutritional supplements (EAA). These supplements help build appropriate energy, reduce weight, and induce physical changes. The research problem stems from health issues faced by bodybuilders attempting to lose weight for competitive sports within specific weight classes. These issues are often caused by relying on training methods that may not achieve the appropriate training goals specific to this sport, potentially leading to significant health risks. The research objective is to identify the effect of cross training combined with the use of essential amino acids (EAA) on certain functional variables and weight loss in bodybuilders. The researchers used an experimental approach, and the study sample consisted of bodybuilders. After implementing the training, the most important conclusions were reached: the crossover method combined with the intake of essential amino acids (EAAs) is a successful approach in improving certain functional variables and promoting weight loss in bodybuilders. Therefore, the recommendation is to adopt the crossover method combined with the intake of essential amino acids (EAAs) as it is a successful approach in improving certain functional variables and promoting weight loss in bodybuilders.
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creator: safaa Alaq
creator: Sabah Mahdi Karim
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 safaa Alaq، Sabah Mahdi Karim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-05-15
publication date: 2026-05-15
doi: 10.55998/jsrse.v36i3.1424

A Correlation Study of the Role of Neuromuscular Compatibility in Improving the Accuracy of Receiving Passes in Volleyball Players
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description: Abstract: The research aims to uncover the nature of the relationship between neuromuscular compatibility and the accuracy of the performance of the receiving service skill of volleyball players, by describing this skill as one of the main pillars in defensive performance that directly affects the construction of the attack and achieving victory. Skill performance in this game requires a high level of coordination between the nervous and muscular systems, ensuring precise movement and responsiveness to various stimuli during gameplay. The problem with the research is that some players have poor receiving performance, which may be due to deficiencies in neuromuscular compatibility. Therefore, the researcher sought to study the relationship between these two variables among the players of Diyala Club. The researcher adopted the descriptive approach using the relational relationship method, and a sample of (10) players was selected out of (14) players representing the research community for the sports season (2024-2025). Standardized tests were used to measure neuromuscular compatibility and transmission reception accuracy, and then the data were statistically processed using the Spearman correlation coefficient. The results showed a strong significant correlation between neuromuscular compatibility and transmission reception accuracy, suggesting the importance of developing this element in training programs. The research recommends the need to adopt qualitative training to develop motor coordination in a way that contributes to raising the efficiency of the players' skill performance.
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creator: Ammar Ghazi Ahmed
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Ammar Ghazi Ahmed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-07-15
publication date: 2026-07-15
doi: 10.55998/jsrse.v36i4.1501

A proposed model for diversifying revenue sources in sports clubs: investing in non-traditional resources.
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description: This study aims to explore the impact of employing an integrated management methodology based on revenue diversification and investment in non-traditional resources on developing the financial sustainability of sports clubs. The research's significance lies in bridging the gap between traditional reliance on limited revenue sources (such as ticket sales, sponsorships, and memberships) and the demands of a dynamic competitive environment that necessitates financial innovation, smart investment, and strategic resource diversification. The study employed a quasi-experimental design with two groups (experimental and control) and pre- and post-testing on a sample of 12 sports clubs from 6 countries. The results showed a statistically significant improvement in financial sustainability indicators (such as liquidity, revenue diversification, return on investment, and self-financing ratio) among the clubs that implemented the proposed revenue diversification model, compared to those that did not. The analysis also revealed a very strong correlation between investment criteria in non-traditional resources (such as real estate investment, digital marketing, sports academies, tourism events, and smart partnerships) and both financial performance and organizational sustainability. The study concludes that revenue diversification, when implemented according to a participatory investment philosophy, creates a "financial incubator" that transforms the club from a recipient of support to a value-producing system. The researcher recommends adopting the proposed model in sports club planning, designing investment scenarios that simulate real-world operations, and conducting training workshops for managers to equip them with these modern tools.
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creator: mayson Abd Aljaleel
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 mayson Abd Aljaleel https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-07-15
publication date: 2026-07-15
doi: 10.55998/jsrse.v36i4.1493

The Impact of the Yaker Model on Teaching Certain Skills on the Floor Exercise Mat in Gymnastics for Students
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description: Research Summary: The importance of this research stems from its focus on a sensitive educational and motor aspect of teaching complex athletic skills, particularly floor exercise skills in gymnastics. These skills require precision in instruction and a gradual progression in performance. The Yaker model is one of the modern models that relies on clear and organized teaching steps to help the student understand and analyze the skill before executing it. It also opens new educational horizons for the teacher by adopting a model that gives the student an active role in the learning process, making them an active participant rather than a passive recipient. Applying the model contributes to reducing the level of difficulty students experience when performing the skills because it relies on breaking down the skill into stages and then teaching each stage separately, enabling the learner to grasp, both technically and physically, what needs to be done. The research problem: Despite the significant importance of floor exercise skills in gymnastics, the educational reality indicates that many students face considerable difficulty in learning and mastering these skills. This is due to their technical complexity and the numerous movement phases involved, in addition to some teachers' reliance on traditional teaching methods that do not provide sufficient organization of the teaching steps or consider the individual differences among students. Field observations revealed that a large percentage of students suffer from weak motor comprehension, confusion during performance, and a high error rate, which sometimes leads to learner frustration or a fear of performing certain skills. The research aimed to identify the impact of the Yacker model on teaching certain floor exercise skills in gymnastics to students. The experimental method was employed, and the research sample consisted of third-year students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the University o…
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creator: Thaer Talib Salman
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Thaer Talib Salman https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-07-15
publication date: 2026-07-15
doi: 10.55998/jsrse.v36i4.1509